?????????????????????????????????????????????????---???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
European social democracy is one of the main political thoughts of contemporary European countries, and it is the general name of the Socialist Party (Social Democratic Party, the Labour Party) and the international organization of European countries. European social democracy is an important part of the world socialist theory and practice, the correct understanding and has an important reference role in the understanding of the history of European social democratic political thought and political practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics theory and practice. European social democracy is rooted in its specific regional national and national historical practice, which depends on the specific environment of its survival. From the perspective of political ecology study European social democratic view generation and the European social democratic view from the perspective of reality, both into the present ecological implication of contemporary society and more profoundly understanding and view of European social democracy.
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First, the concept of analysis: the interpretation of political and ecological context
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Political ecology is in recent years in academic studies and daily life appeared higher frequency of phrases, the usage of academic circles and people have failed to reach a unified standard. Therefore, it is necessary to come from two aspects: political environment of the academic context and the context of everyday life the of concept analysis of Bali.
1.?????????
1 the academic context of political ecology
???????????????“???????????????????????????????????????????????”.[1]???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”.[2]
According to the viewpoint of scholar of the former Soviet Union J Colin C. "The present situation of the association between society and nature will undoubtedly influence the social consciousness and people's view of the world, resulting in the development of the ecology of modern world view of the ecology and universe". [1] and after the arrival of the industrial age in the wake of the ecological consciousness of mankind, mankind has entered the era of the pursuit of ecological civilization. Ecological problems have aroused great concern in both academic and political fields. The theories and methods of ecological research have been increasingly applied to the field of Humanities and social sciences. For example, Wang Huning to ecology theory and method are applied to administration of the study, that "administrative ecology refers to borrow research theory and method of ecology of life subject and the environment of mutual relations and interactions, to study the administrative system and social circle each other relations, the ecosystem model to study administrative ecosystem.[2]
????????????????????????????“‘?????’?????‘?????’?????????‘?????’?????????????????????????????---????????---????????????????????????????‘?????’?????????‘????’????????????????????‘??????????’”.[3]
Liu Jingxi applied the theory and method of ecological research to the study of political science, and considered that the formulation of "political ecology" originated from the formulation of "ecological politics". Comparatively speaking, 'political ecology' formulation that is more attuned to define the content, it in the form of embodies subjects, political system and its behavior, attention to the study, indicating that it is a political system and the behavior of organizational ecology; on the contrary, 'ecological politics' formulation from the name,' environment 'is the main object of research and political ecology learn easily be understood as' about the ecological environment of the political science' ".[3]
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Therefore, political ecology in the academic is generally refers to the political science and ecology of the marriage, the research subject of political ecology theory is the relationship between political system and its behavior with the surrounding environment, and is not the natural ecological environment problem in politics reflected. Ecological politics academic context lies in the political system and political system as the biological significance of life that the presence of political system and the behavior of the life in the ecological system and maintain the dynamic balance between interactions. It is generally believed that directly or indirectly in politics, the existence and the development has the effects of natural and geographical conditions, material production level, social system, cultural customs, national constitution is the ecological environment of the political factors. Political ecology means that the political and ecological environment factors of the integrity, openness and balance of the harmonious interactive state.
2.???????????
2 the daily life context of political ecology
?????????????????????house???????????????????????ecology????? “the relation of plantsand living creatures to each other and to their envi-ronment”.[4]
Ecological origin from the ancient Greek word, the original meaning of the house or our environment. Oxford high order English Chinese Dictionary of Ecology (Ecology) is interpreted as "relation of plantsand living creatures to the each other and to their envi-ronment".[4]
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“??????????”??????????“????????”?“????????”?“???????????????”?“??????????”???????????????????“???????‘??’?‘??',?????’??‘?’??‘,?????’??‘?’??‘??????’??‘?’??‘?????”.[5]
That is, the relationship between the plant and the creature, and the relationship between them and their environment, that is, the living condition of all living things. So the political and ecological context of life can be understood as the survival state of the politics, and the interaction between the political environment factors which influence the survival, development and operation. Secondly, with the ecological concept of human social practice to move forward and change constantly, there are scholars of Comrade Hu Jintao in the party's eighteen report pointed out the need to vigorously promote the construction of ecological civilization and the specific measures separately from the "optimization of land spatial pattern, comprehensively promote resource conservation, increase the natural ecosystem and environment efforts to protect and strengthen the construction of ecological civilization system" four aspects discusses the ecological understanding of the connotation of "separation of people and contains a 'natural' or 'environment', by the people of the 'resources' or' energy ', related to people' time 'or' system 'and people with a" civilization "or" concept "four connotations:".[5]
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“????”???“????”???“????”???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
These four connotations are parallel and exist, in the social life of reality, people can express the specific ecological concept according to the needs. In this sense, political ecological living environment generally contain and the political separation of the natural geographical environment, for the use of political social and economic conditions, and political related specific historical conditions, and politics with a political ideology, political system, political policy. In addition, the word ecology in the context of everyday life, expressed people's longing for a beautiful and harmonious state, such as around the building "eco city", the development of "ecological agriculture", edible "ecological food" and so on, reflect the people of good ethical value pursuit. Therefore, the political ecology in the context of daily life is also reflected in the political atmosphere and the political environment of a better look, that is, political Qingming and good political environment for.
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
To sum up, the interpretation of the political ecological context can be combed from two aspects: the academic context and the daily life context. But this does not mean that there is a strict distinction or distinction between these two kinds of contexts. On the contrary, they are only a better reflection of the concept of political ecology. Academic context of political ecology is from the level of theory express the concept and connotation of ecological politics, using the theory and method of ecology to the study of political phenomena, for the design of political system may be the balance of ecology, which means from the ecological integrity, diversity, open and dynamic balance to examine the political ecological elements between the main body of the interaction, the purport is seeking political development of the ideal state. The political environment in the context of everyday life is the life to express the concept of political ecology, directly reflects the ecological implication of political phenomenon, the sustenance of the yearning for the development of political ecology, its purport is to seek the ideal political development. In view of this, on the one hand, can from the historical dimension of political ecological view of European social democracy the political phenomenon; on the other hand can from the angle of realistic logic perspective analysis of European Social Democratic Outlook of ecological trend.
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Two, the historical dimension: the influence of political ecology on the view of social democracy in Europe
??????“????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”.[6]
The political ecology theory "the political phenomenon into associated with social ecological system and natural ecological system as a whole to be overall grasp, any political phenomenon is not isolated, but the result of political system interacts with its environment" 6]
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Everything is included in the collective choice, the political activities of the entity, standard, structure and may constitute a part of the political system; and the political system of separation of natural and geographical conditions, and political activities related to the social, economic, cultural and legal activities constitute the political system and the ecosystem; the political party system and political system are directly related to, political policy and political thoughts constitute the political system within the ecosystem, interaction, influence to the political system of the concept, structure, process, and its effectiveness. From the historical perspective, the view of social democracy in Europe in the early stage, the development and prosperity period and the crisis period under different political and ecological impact of different real content and specific performance.
1.?????????????
1 early European Social Democratic democracy
???????????????1848???????????????????1848????????1914????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“????????”??????????????????????????????????????????1848?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1848??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1848???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
European social democracy originated in Europe before and after the 1848 revolution, the early European social democracy roughly from 1848 to 1914 before and after the European Revolution to the end of the first world war. This period in the social environment and economic conditions, waves of European industrialization promoting and machine production development, make the society increasingly differentiated as the confrontation between the two classes, class antagonism resulted in poor differentiation and antagonism between labor and capital, the intensification of social contradictions. In ideology and culture, "liberty, equality and fraternity" principle of French Enlightenment thinkers in the name of all the claims caused widely recognized social democrat, and once as the basic value of the European Social Democratic pursuit. In addition, in 1848, Engels and Marx co wrote the Communist Manifesto of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of the Communist Manifesto. In the political activities, with the outbreak of the European revolutions of 1848, European countries gradually to overthrow the feudal autocratic rule into the asset class in power of the capitalist era, the country's political system from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy and parliamentary monarchy change. Under the influence of internal and external political ecology, although the 1848 European Revolution ended in failure, the awakening of bourgeois liberalism made the development of democratic politics a historical trend. During this period, claiming that represents the industrial proletariat or most social weak democratic society on the one hand under the influence of French Enlightenment Ideology and bourgeois revolutionary movement, by the revolutionary movement of the working class to change the idea of working class; the temptation of bourgeois democracy, on the other hand, but also by the transformation from autocratic monarchy constitutional monarchy and parliamentary monarchy, send a hope to the bourgeoisie own reform to change the present situation of the working class. In general, under the historical condition at that time, the bourgeois revolution was just completed soon, capitalism is still in the early stages of development, working class strength is weak, European Social Democratic democratic values only certainty is to the development of democratic politics in the political, but to what, through what channels to develop democratic politics and what kind of democracy is in a dilemma.
2.??????????????????
2 development and prosperity period of the European Social Democratic democracy
????????????????????????????20????“???·???????20?????????????????????1914?????????????1989?????????????????20?????????????????????????????????????????????????????”[7]
European social democratic development and prosperity period, roughly from the first World War to the end of twentieth Century. "Ralf Dahrendorf think, the 20th century can be called a short century, it is from the first World War in 1914 outbreak began to the Revolution ended in 1989; at the same time, Dahrendorf also called the century of social democracy in the 20th century, because social democratic scheme is the short century drive power, power struggle, the final victory or power." [7]
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1951???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“??”??????????????????“??”?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????20??30????????20??70?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????---????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“????????”??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
During this period, the social environment and the international environment experienced two world wars, a war means of turmoil and change, is not only destructive but at the same time, it is the construction of, in such a social environment and the international environment background European Social Democratic Party of democratic socialist goals and tasks but with the more favorable environment. On the ideology and culture, before and after the victory of the October revolution in Russia, Bernstein in Germany as the representative of the revisionist Social Democratic Party of Germany and some other social democratic party in guiding thought started from the Marx doctrine; the socialist international was founded and published its 1951 statement "principle of democratic socialism goal and task", European Social Democrats played democratic socialism the banner of the Social Democrats stressed that democratic socialism is not a model, not a form of social economy, but a defined by the basic value of the norms of democratic socialist political ideal, completely out of the Marx doctrine into the mainstream ideology in europe. In political action, most social democratic parties in Europe during World War II took an active part in anti fascist struggle and resistance movement, "World War II" after the end of and adhere to the reform of the capitalist system, promote the social welfare system for the establishment of a comprehensive, and political influence rapidly improve, Britain, France, Sweden, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and other country's Social Democratic Party has power or participate, in the political system to implement the bourgeois democratic republic, parliamentary democracy. In economic activities, the economic and social structure of the European economy has changed greatly, which has weakened the social basis of the traditional working class political party. At the same time, the economic crisis of the 1930s and 1970s oil crisis the Keynesian economic policy and Neo liberal economic policies have effects of economic policy in Europe, regardless of is the Keynesian macroeconomic regulation and control, a wide range of social security system and promotion agency will welfare or the Neo liberal relaxed state control, promoting the privatization and reductions in social welfare, European social democracy on economic never achieve even tried the Marxism of the socialization of production materials in the solution. Under the combined action of such external political ecology and European social democracy to democracy not only as a means, hope to achieve socialism through improve democratic transformation; but also the regarded as the highest form of socialist democracy, and in the pursuit of democracy on the road drifting further and further away, that democracy has become a Social Democrats to achieve the so-called "liberty and justice, mutual aid a political ideal of the essential value of socialism, political democracy, democracy, economic democracy, social democracy, and international democracy full democracy of become a social democratic goals and tasks.
3.???????????????
3 crisis of the European Social Democratic democracy
????????????????????????????????20??90??????????????21????????????20??90????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“?????”?“?????????”????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????20??90??????????????????????????????“???”
European social democracy in the Soviet Union after the drastic changes into the crisis facing the crisis, the specific performance of the end of the crisis in 1990s and the short recovery period and again in twenty-first Century into a crisis period. In 1990s, in the international environment, the failure of Soviet and Eastern European socialist countries led to the great impact of social democracy in Europe. In the political field, the new liberalism concocted such as "the end of history theory" and "Social Democratic task completed theory in the traditional socialist attack, European Social Democratic party suffered the unprecedented challenge, many party members of the number of loss is serious, under the influence of drop. In economic activities, economic globalization makes the Social Democrats had to rethink its state intervention model, reconsider the evaluation model of market economy, all aspects of economic life are subject to the impact of economic globalization, capital also gradually to the labor cost is low, the tax preferential areas transfer. In the structure of social stratum and the rise of knowledge economy in the 1990's the traditional European social stratum structure change again, the so-called "katipol home"
???????????????????????????????????“????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”[8],????????“???”??????????
The new middle class appears to reduce the inherent political support of the European Social Democratic Party. In ideology and culture, "about to the British Labour Party Representatives beyond the dichotomy of traditional political thinking structure, advocates in the new historical conditions will social democracy and liberalism re integration, in the inherited social democracy, freedom, justice, mutual aid and traditional value based on the absorption principle of liberal market active ingredients" [8], make the modernization of the social democracy was a new carrier.
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“????”??????????????????????21?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
In this under the influence of internal and external political ecology, the European Social Democrats give up they are representative of the position of the working class, start to the whole Party and people's party itself, before the Su Dong revulsion that through democratic realization of socialist democracy is the highest form of ideas no longer applies, the task of "social democracy" seems to complete, forming a weakening the view of democracy. After entering the twenty-first Century, the world's financial crisis and the economic crisis has made the economic crisis in the doldrums of the European countries, all kinds of social problems once again broke out, the European Social Democratic Party again in deep trouble. In the process of dealing with the crisis, the social democracy in Europe has adopted a policy of gradual convergence with the right parties, and therefore can not reverse the crisis.
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Three, realistic survey: the ecological trend of European Social Democratic democracy
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
From the perspective of political ecology theory, compared with arbitrary closed, single, adopted all kinds of forms of democracy the diversity and unity, open and dynamic unity of ecological principles, so as to maintain the political development of integrated, open, diverse and dynamic balance of ecological structure, in a certain extent, guarantee the realization of people's personal freedom rights and people's sovereignty. This is the basic political structure of democracy, but also the natural advantage of democracy, it is the logical development of democracy. However, democracy itself is not a natural perfect performance of its own, the political democratization of democracy is the realization of the essential value of democracy, which means the protection of people's personal freedom rights and the realization of the people's sovereignty. Democracy respects and protects the individual's right to freedom and to maximize the common good. From reality to look at the logical perspective, European Social Democratic democratic concept, although in expanding democracy, strengthen civic participation rights; strengthen countries on economic development regulation and intervention, the economic guarantee for steady growth; limit the rule of monopoly capital, strengthen the social redistribution, reducing the phenomenon of unfair distribution; increase social welfare; expand economic democracy, safeguard laborer participation in economic decision-making; to reform the educational system and in the development of senior free education made great achievements. However, in the framework of the capitalist system, the essence of the reform can not cover up its people's subjective anti ecological trend.
1.????????????????
1 tool democracy is alienated, one-sided pursuit of the goal of democracy
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“??????”????“??????”???“??”?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1951????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“????????”??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
European social democratic view of democracy as a means of democracy tools of alienation, one-sided pursuit of the purpose of democracy. In the view of the boom periods in the development of European social democracy show incisively and vividly, that in European Social Democrats at the time of the "social democracy" name changed to "democratic socialism" to highlight the purpose of "democracy". With Bernstein as the representative of the Democratic revisionism advocated by the improved method to realize the socialist transformation, democracy is only the beginning of a social transformation means, but in 1951 the international "Frankfurt declaration" is the direct equivalent of socialist democracy, socialist democracy has become the goal of full democracy social democrats no longer obsessed with pursuing socialism but the pursuit of democracy, democracy has become a political ideal of European Social Democrats to achieve its so-called "freedom and justice, mutual aid" socialist basic value, this concept of democracy in nature and the bourgeois democracy view is consistent. From the perspective of political ecology, democracy as a tool of the entity, the normative ecological structure has been destroyed and become a purely objective of the abstract, the virtual nature of the anti ecological structure. European Social Democratic democratic view as a means of democracy itself into the pure abstract democratic values and ideals, the instrumental role of democracy did not get to play, but the social democratic parties in Europe as an asset class to all in the name of publicity of the abstract people main mouthpiece and spokesperson.
2.?????????????????
2 the prevalence of spontaneous democracy, and the development of consciousness
?????????????????????????????????????????“?????---????????’????‘??????????????????????????---?????’????‘?????????????????????????????????????????”[9]?????????????????????????????????????????????????“??”???????“??”?????“????”???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Democratic view of social democracy in Europe is the prevalence of spontaneous democracy rather than the cultivation of the consciousness of democracy. By the European social democracy "Neo Kantianism, people's understanding of the object is by the 'pure' thinking to create and social history is dominated by the moral principle and Popper's critical rationalism, social people 'freedom of choice' results, people in society specification standards subject down proof, proof of a theory, enable society to failed to antagonize the open society" [9], the socialism as a moral need of ethical socialism and deny the objective historical necessity of social development. Whether it is the claim of "democracy" socialist or social democratic, "socialism" are no longer with objective reality and is bound to replace the capitalist social system, and is only on the existing social relations constantly adjust and the existence of a limited contradiction and imbalance of the historical process of the reform. They put social development rules and inevitability of the fan will, the absolute opposite, that a person's enthusiasm by people consciously or unconsciously motivated about, history is nothing various social forces mutual conflict of accidental result, and there is no inevitable objective law. Marx's view of the social and historical development of the law, the inevitability of the unity of the human initiative and not by the European Social Democratic Party correctly understand and accept. So European social democratic outlook is a let people consciously or unconsciously motivated by authigenic spontaneous conception of democracy, rather than in under the premise of grasping the law of social development and the necessity of human rational consciousness of democracy view. In reality, the blind and spontaneous pursuit of democracy in Europe is the objective law of the social development of socialism will replace capitalism.
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
In the logic of democracy is socialism will eventually be replaced by democracy and popularity of the spontaneity of the people's subjective cause in the framework of socialist construction principle of democratic consciousness of democracy foster a lack of growth of the soil. From the trend of ecological politics, democracy has its own basic ecological structure, but democracy is not authigenic spontaneous natural logic, the main body of the democratic is with human rational people, democracy should be in respecting the laws of social development and inevitable precondition of the people consciousness of democracy.
3.???????????????????
3 procedural democracy has played to the extreme, but ignored the essence of democracy
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“???????????????????????????????---??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”[10]
Democratic view of the European community to make procedural democracy to the extreme, but ignored the essence of democracy. In the early period of the social democratic movement of European Social Democrats, Marx pointed out: "Social Democratic faction of the special nature of performance while it requires a democratic republican system and not to destroy the two levels of capital and labor, but to ease capital and wage labour of resistance and to be coordinated, to democratic method to transform society, always does not exceed range of asset classes." [10]
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“?????”???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“??”??????????
From the perspective of the practice of the development of social democracy in Europe for more than 100 years, Marx's judgment is right. European Social Democratic Party advocates a democratic reform to achieve the transformation of socialism, by the right to fight for universal suffrage, to fight for parliamentary seats to participate in politics or power. They fantasize to not abolished under the condition of capitalist private ownership established freedom, justice, mutual aid society and in the ruling party and participating in the process of persistent in the pursuit of abstract and general freedom, fair and cooperation without fully aware of liberty, fair and mutually with the history and class. Similarly, on the issue of democracy, the European Social Democrats are persistent in the pursuit of abstract and general democracy. They believe that in a constitutional democracy, there is freedom to criticize, and those who are in favor of the current government, if they can persuade the majority of the people to approve of them, they can be replaced. They are more concerned with voters, the votes, and the electoral process, so that politicians are too busy to be a public speaker and performer and ignore the real democracy. From the trend of political ecology, democracy of the diversity and integrity of the unified and open and dynamic balance natural need freedom of criticism or different political parties claim, but the essence of democracy is not whether the competing parties or express different views of freedom and is able to unify the different opinions and to the different interests realization together to achieve the common good is embodiment of the common interests of the most people and is not a party or a class group of special interests, but not a politician carefully prepared speech or commitment.
?????
reference?
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[2] ??????????[M].???????????1989:28.
[2] Wang Huning. Administrative ecology analysis [M]. Shanghai: Fudan University press, 1989:28.
[3] ?????????---??????????[M].???????????2007:26.
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[4] [?]A.S.??????????????[M].7????????????????????????? ??2009:635.
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[5] ?????????????????---?????????????[J].??????2013?1??11-13.
[5] Yu jie. On the new state of the construction of the ecological civilization of the ruling party --- from the perspective of the four connotation of the ecological concept [J]. theory and reform, 2013 (1): 11-13.